Physical Chemistry for the Chemical and Biological Sciences

Physical Chemistry for the Chemical and Biological Sciences

By: Raymond Chang

Publication date: May 2000
ISBN: 9781891389061

Phsyical Chemistry for the Chemical and Biological Sciences is an ideal choice for classes geared toward pre-medical and life sciences students.

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For all sales outside of the United States, please contact Felicity Henson, fhenson@aip.org

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Hailed by advance reviewers as “a kinder, gentler P. Chem. text,” this book meets the needs of a full-year course in physical chemistry. It is an ideal choice for classes geared toward pre-medical and life sciences students. Or, as stated in a May 2001 review in Journal of Chemical Education, “this text meets these students where they are and opens the door to physical chemistry from a perspective they can appreciate.”  Physical Chemistry for the Chemical and Biological Sciences offers a wealth of applications to chemical and biological problems, numerous chapter-ending exercises, and an accompanying solutions manual. Well known for his clear writing and careful pedagogical approach, Raymond Chang has developed yet another masterpiece in chemical education.

Key Features:

-a student-oriented, highly readable text
-traditional and flexible organization
-a functional and pleasing two-color format
-many worked examples in text
-@1000 chapter-ending problems
-an overview of key equations in each chapter
-a glossary of key terms
-answers provided to even-numbered computational problems

Translated into Italian, Japanese, Korean, Spanish & Portugese

Pages: 1,018
Language: English
Publisher: University Science Books
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Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Nature of Physical Chemistry

1.2 Units
Force
Pressure
Energy

1.3 Atomic Mass, Molecular Mass, and the Chemical Mole

Chapter 2 The Gas Laws

2.1 Some Basic Definitions

2.2 An Operational Definition of Temperature

2.3 Boyle's Law

2.4 Charles' and Gay-Lussac's Law

2.5 Avogadro's Law

2.6 The Ideal Gas Equation

2.7 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

2.8 Real Gases
The van der Waals Equation
The Virial Equation of State

2.9 Condensation of Gases and the Critical State

Chapter 3 Kinetic Theory of Gases

3.1 The Model

3.2 Pressure of a Gas

3.3 Kinetic Energy and Temperature

3.4 The Maxwell Distribution Laws

3.5 Molecular Collisions and the Mean Free Path

3.6 Gas Viscosity

3.7 Graham's Laws of Diffusion and Effusion

3.8 Equipartition of Energy

Appendix 3.1 Derivation of Equation (3.24)

Appendix 3.2 Total and Partial Differentiation

Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics

4.1 Work and Heat
Work
Heat

4.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics

4.3 Enthalpy

4.4 A Closer Look at Heat Capacities

4.5 Gas Expansion
Isothermal Expansion
Adiabatic Expansion

4.6 Thermochemistry
Standard Enthalpy of Formation
Dependence of Enthalpy of Reaction on Temperature

4.7 Bond Energies and Bond Enthalpies
Bond Enthalpy and Bond Dissociation Enthalpy
Appendix 4.1 Exact and Inexact Differentials

Chapter 5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

5.1 Spontaneous Processes

5.2 Entropy
Statistical Definition of Entropy
Thermodynamic Definition of Entropy

5.3 The Carnot Heat Engine
Thermodynamic Efficiency
The Entropy Function
Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps

5.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

5.5 Entropy Changes
Entropy Change due to Mixing of Ideal Gases
Entropy Change due to Phase Transitions
Entropy Change due to Heating

5.6 The Third Law of Thermodynamics
Third-Law or Absolute Entropies
Entropy of Chemical Reactions

5.7 Residual Entropy

Appendix 5.1 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Chapter 6 Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies and Their Applications

6.1 Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies

6.2 Meaning of Helmholtz and Gibbs Energies
Helmholtz Energy
Gibbs Energy

6.3 Standard Molar Gibbs Energy of Formation (ÆfG°)

6.4 Dependence of Gibbs Energy on Temperature and Pressure
Dependence of G on Temperature
Dependence of G on Pressure

6.5 Gibbs Energy and Phase Equilibria
The Clapeyron and Clausius-Clapeyron Equations
Phase Diagrams
The Phase Rule

6.6 Thermodynamics of Rubber Elasticity

Appendix 6.1 Some Thermodynamic Relationships

Appendix 6.2 Derivation of the Phase Rule

Chapter 7 Nonelectrolyte Solutions

7.1 Concentration Units
Percent by Weight
Mole fraction (x)
Molarity (M)
Molality (m)

7.2 Partial Molar Quantities
Partial Molar Volume
Partial Molar Gibbs Energy

7.3 The Thermodynamics of Mixing

7.4 Binary Mixtures of Volatile Liquids

7.5 Real Solutions
The Solvent Component
The Solute Component

7.6 Phase Equilibria of Two-Component Systems
Distillation
Solid-Liquid Equilibria

7.7 Colligative Properties
Vapor-Pressure Lowering
Boiling-Point Elevation
Freezing-Point Depression
Osmotic Pressure

Chapter 8 Electrolyte Solutions

8.1 Electrical Conduction in Solution
Some Basic Definitions
Degree of Dissociation
Ionic Mobility
Applications of Conductance Measurements

8.2 A Molecular View of the Solution Process

8.3 Thermodynamics of Ions in Solution
Enthalpy, Entropy, and Gibbs Energy of Formation of Ions in Solution

8.4 Ionic Activity

8.5 Debye-Huckel Theory of Electrolytes
The Salting-In and Salting-Out Effects

8.6 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
The Donnan Effect

8.7 Biological Membranes
Membrane Transport

Appendix 8.1 Notes on Electrostatics

Appendix 8.2 The Donnan Effect Involving Proteins Bearing Multiple Charges

Chapter 9 Chemical Equilibrium

9.1 Chemical Equilibrium in Gaseous Systems
Ideal Gases
Real Gases

9.2 Reactions in Solution

9.3 Heterogeneous Equilibria

9.4 The Influence of Temperature, Pressure, and Catalysts on the Equilibrium Constant
The Effect of Temperature
The Effect of Pressure
The Effect of a Catalyst

9.5 Binding of Ligands and Metal Ions to Macromolecules
One Binding Site per Macromolecule
n Equivalent Binding Sites per Macromolecule
Equilibrium Dialysis

9.6 Bioenergetics
The Standard State in Biochemistry
ATP - The Currency of Energy
Principles of Coupled Reactions
Glycolysis
Some Limitations of Thermodynamics
Appendix 9.1 The Relationship Between Fugacity and Pressure

Appendix 9.2 The Relationships Between K1 and K2 and the Intrinsic Dissociation Constant K

Chapter 10 Electrochemistry

10.1 Electrochemical Cells

10.2 Single-Electrode Potential

10.3 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells
The Nernst Equation
Temperature Dependence of EMF

10.4 Types of Electrodes
Metal Electrodes
Gas Electrodes
Metal-Insoluble Salt Electrodes
Gas Electrodes
The Glass Electrode
Ion-Selective Electrodes

10.5 Types of Electrochemical Cells
Concentration Cells
Fuel Cells

10.6 Applications of EMF Measurements
Determination of Activity Coefficients
Determination of pH

10.7 Potentiometric Titration of Redox Reactions

10.8 Biological Oxidation
The Chemiosmotic Theory of Oxidative Phosphorylation

10.9 Membrane Potential
The Goldman Equation
The Action Potential

Chapter 11 Acids and Bases

11.1 Definitions of Acids and Bases

11.2 Dissociation of Acids and Bases
The Ion Product of Water and the pH scale
The Relationship Between the Dissociation Constant of An Acid and Its Conjugate Base

11.3 Salt Hydrolysis

11.4 Acid-Base Titrations
Acid-Base Indicators

11.5 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids

11.6 Amino Acids
Dissociation of Amino Acids
Isoelectric Point

11.7 Buffer Solutions
Effect of Ionic Strength and Temperature on Buffer Solutions
Preparing a Buffer Solution With a Specific pH
Buffer Capacity

11.8 Maintaining the pH of Blood

Appendix 11.1 A More Exact Treatment of Acid-Base Equilibria

Chapter 12 Chemical Kinetics

12.1 Reaction Rate

12.2 Reaction Order
Zero-Order Reactions
First-Order Reactions
Second-Order Reactions
Determination of Reaction Order

12.3 Molecularity of a Reaction
Unimolecular Reactions
Bimolecular Reactions
Termolecular Reactions

12.4 More Complex Reactions
Reversible Reactions
Consecutive Reactions
Chain Reactions

12.5 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates
The Arrhenius Equation

12.6 Potential-Energy Surfaces

12.7 Theories of Reaction Rates
Collision Theory
Transition-State Theory
Thermodynamic Formulation of the Transition-State Theory

12.8 Isotope Effects in Chemical Reactions

12.9 Reactions in Solution

12.10 Fast Reactions in Solution
The Flow Method
The Relaxation Method

12.10 Oscillating Reactions

Appendix 12.1 Derivation of Equation (12.9)

Appendix 12.2 Derivation of Equation (12.38)

Chapter 13 Enzyme Kinetics

13.1 General Principles of Catalysis
Enzyme Catalysis

13.2 The Equations of Enzyme Kinetics
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
Steady-State Kinetics
The Significance of KM and Vmax

13.3 Chymotrypsin: A Case Study

13.4 Multisubstrate Systems
The Sequential Mechanism
The Nonsequential or "Ping-Pong" Mechanism

13.5 Enzyme Inhibition
Reversible Inhibition
Irreversible Inhibitions

13.6 Allosteric Interactions
Oxygen Binding to Myoglobin and Hemoglobin
The Hill Equation
The Concerted Model
The Sequential Model
Conformational Changes in Hemoglobin Induced by Oxygen Binding

13.7 pH Effects on Enzyme Kinetics

Appendix 13.1 Kinetic Analysis of the Hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl Trimethylacetate Catalyzed by Chymotrypsin

Appendix 13.2 Derivations of Equations (13.17) and (13.19)

Appendix 13.3 Derivation of Equation (13.32)

Chapter 14 Quantum Mechanics

14.1 The Wave Theory of Light

14.2 Planck's Quantum Theory

14.3 The Photoelectric Effect

14.4 Bohr's Theory of Hydrogen Emission Spectra

14.5 de Broglie's Postulate

14.6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

14.7 The Schrodinger Wave Equation

14.8 Particle in a One Dimensional Box
Electronic Spectra of Polyenes

14.9 Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling

14.10 The Schrodinger Wave Equation for the Hydrogen Atom
Atomic Orbitals

14.11 Many-Electron Atoms and the Periodic Table
Electron Configurations
Variations in Periodic Properties

Chapter 15 The Chemical Bond

15.1 Lewis Structures

15.2 Valence Bond Theory

15.3 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
Methane (CH4)
Ethylene (C2H4)
Acetylene (C2H2)

15.4 Electronegativity and Dipole Moments
Electronegativity
Dipole Moment

15.5 Molecular Orbital Theory

15.6 Diatomic Molecules
Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules of the Second-Period Elements
Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules of the First and Second-Period Elements

15.7 Resonance and Electron Delocalization
The Peptide Bond

15.8 Coordination Compounds
Crystal Field Theory
Molecular Orbital Theory
Valence Bond Theory

15.9 Coordination Compounds in Biological Systems

Chapter 16 Intermolecular Forces

16.1 Intermolecular Interactions

16.2 The Ionic Bond

16.3 Types of Intermolecular Forces
Dipole-Dipole Interaction
Ion-Dipole Interaction
Ion-Induced Dipole and Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions
Dispersion or London Interactions
Repulsive and Total Interactions
The Role of Dispersion Forces in Sickle-Cell Anemia

16.4 The Hydrogen Bond

16.5 Structure and Properties of Water
Structure of Ice
Structure of Water
Some Physiochemical Properties of Water

16.4 The Hydrophobic Interaction

Chapter 17 Spectroscopy

17.1 Vocabulary
Absorption and Emission
Units
Regions of the Spectrum
Line Width
Resolution
Intensity
Selection Rules
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
The Beer-Lambert Law

17.2 Microwave Spectroscopy

17.3 Infrared Spectroscopy
Simultaneous Vibrational and Rotational Transitions

17.4 Electronic Spectroscopy
Organic Molecules
Transition Metal Complexes
Molecules that Undergo Charge-Transfer Interactions
Application of the Beer-Lambert Law

17.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
The Boltzmann Distribution
Chemical Shifts
Spin-Spin Coupling
NMR and Rate Processes
NMR of Nuclei Other Than 1H

17.6 Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy

17.7 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
Fluorescence
Phosphorescence

17.8 Lasers

Properties and Applications of Laser Light
Appendix 17.1 Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy

Chapter 18 Molecular Symmetry and Optical Activity

18.1 Symmetry of Molecules
Proper Rotation Axis
Plane of Symmetry
Center of Symmetry
Improper Rotation Axis
Molecular Symmetry and Dipole Moment
Molecular Symmetry and Optical Activity

18.2 Polarized Light and Optical Rotation

18.3 Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism

Chapter 19 Photochemistry and Photobiology

19.1 Introduction
Thermal versus Photochemical Reactions
Primary versus Secondary Processes
Quantum Yields
Measurement of Light Intensity
Action Spectrum

19.2 Earth's Atmosphere
Composition of the Atmosphere
Regions of the Atmosphere
Residence Time

19.3 The Greenhouse Effect

19.4 Photochemical Smog
Formation of Nitrogen Oxides
Formation of O3 • Formation of Hydroxyl Radical
Formation of Other Secondary Pollutants
Harmful Effects and Prevention of Photochemical Smog

19.5 The Essential Role of Ozone in the Stratosphere
Formation of the Ozone Layer
Destruction of Ozone
Polar Ozone Holes
Ways to Curb Ozone Depletion

19.6 Photosynthesis
The Chloroplast
Chlorophyll and Other Pigment Molecules
The Reaction Center
Photosystems I and II
Dark Reactions

19.7 Vision
Structure of Rhodopsin
Mechanism of Vision
Rotation About the C=C Bond

19.8 Biological Effects of Radiation
Sunlight and Skin Cancer
Light-Activated Drugs

Chapter 20 The Solid State

20.1 Classification of Crystal Systems

20.2 The Bragg Equation

20.3 Structural Determination by X-ray Diffraction
The Powder Method
Determination of the Crystal Structure of NaCl
The Structure Factor
Neutron Diffraction

20.4 Types of Crystals
Metallic Crystals
Ionic Crystals
Covalent Crystals
Molecular Crystals
Appendix 20.1 Derivation of Equation (20.3)

Chapter 21 The Liquid State

21.1 Structure of Liquids

21.2 Viscosity

21.3 Surface Tension
The Capillary-Rise Method
Surface Tension in the Lungs

21.4 Diffusion
Fick's Laws of Diffusion

21.5 Liquid Crystals
Thermotropic Liquid Crystals
Lyotropic Liquid Crystals
Appendix 21.1 Derivation of Equation (21.13)

Chapter 22 Macromolecules

22.1 Methods for Determining the Size, Shape, and Molar Mass of Macromolecules
Molar Mass of Macromolecules
Sedimentation in the Ultracentrifuge
Viscosity
Electrophoresis

22.2 Structure of Synthetic Polymers
Configuration and Conformation
The Random-Walk Model

22.3 Structure of Proteins and DNA
Proteins
DNA

22.4 Protein Stability
The Hydrophobic Interaction
Denaturation
Protein Folding
Appendix 22.1 DNA Fingerprinting

Chapter 23 Statistical Thermodynamics

23.1 Macrostates and Microstates

23.2 The Boltzmann Distribution Law

23.3 The Partition Function

23.4 Molecular Partition Function
Translational Partition Function
Rotational Partition Function
Vibrational Partition Function
Electronic Partition Function

23.5 Thermodynamic Quantities from Partition Functions
Internal Energy and Heat Capacity
Entropy

23.6 Chemical Equilibrium

23.7 Transition-State Theory

Appendix 23.1 Justification of Q = qN/N! for Indistinguishable Particles

Appendices

A. Review of Mathematics and Physics

B. Thermodynamic Data

Glossary

Answers to Even-Numbered Numerical Problems

Index

“I have found Ray Chang’s P Chem book to be the ideal textbook for students from the life sciences. Whereas so many other textbooks seem to be written for the instructor, this text works well with students who have traditionally struggled with this course.”
-George Bodner, Purdue University

“I adopted the P Chem text by Raymond Chang here at McGill two years ago, for a course populated with ~180 biochemistry and biology students, many of them ‘pre-med.’ I had formerly used a well-known text by a different author, but I (and the students) found it a little short on good explanations, and there were many errors in the end-of-chapter problems and answers. I am very pleased with how the Chang text approaches thermodynamics, especially applications, such as in the chapter on macromolecules. Similarly, I very much appreciate the biological emphasis in this text, and especially the relevance of the problems. Overall, I consider this to be an excellent text.”
-Christopher J. Barrett, McGill University

“This book offers an alternative approach to physical chemistry that is particularly well suited for those who want to pursue a course of study more focused on the biological sciences.”
-Journal of Chemical Education

“A distinct and excellent publication worth recommending to biological chemists…I have learnt something new about biology, [the book] is very refreshing in its aims and clarity.”
-The Times Higher

Raymond Chang

Raymond Chang was born in Hong Kong and grew up in Shanghai and Hong Kong, China. He received his B.Sc. degree in chemistry from London University, England and his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from Yale University. After doing postdoctoral research at Washington University and teaching for a year at Hunter College of the City University of New York, he joined the chemistry department at Williams College. Chang has served on the American Chemical Society Examination Committee and the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) Committee. He has also served as editor of The Chemical Educator and has authored books on general chemistry and spectroscopy.